803,902,903,1001 and 1101

These are the verbs, that you have to study.
From ARISE to PAY.
http://www.mansioningles.com/gram53.htm

REFUERZO GRADO 1101

Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y indirecto)

Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech (El estilo directo)

Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas ("...") y deberá ser palabra por palabra.

• Ejemplos:
• Play
   "I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
• Play
  "Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él preguntó.)
• Play
  Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
• Play
  Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")

Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)

El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.

A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Simple	Past Simple
Play  "He's American," she said.	Play She said he was American.
Play  "I'm happy to see you," Mary said.	Play Mary said that she was happy to see me.
Play " He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"	Play He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Play  "Dan is living in San Francisco," she said.	Play She saidDan was living in San Francisco.
Play " He said, "I'm making dinner."	Play He told me that he was making dinner.
Play  "Why are you working so hard?" they asked.	Play They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple	Past Perfect Simple
Play  "We went to the movies last night," he said.	Play He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
Play " Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."	Play Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
Play  "Did you buy a new car?" she asked.	Play She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Play  "I was working late last night," Vicki said.	Play Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
Play " They said, "we weren't waiting long."	Play They said that they hadn't been waitinglong.
Play " He asked, "were you sleeping when I called?"	Play He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Simple	Past Perfect Simple
Play " Heather said, "I've already eaten."	Play Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
Play  "We haven't been to China," they said.	Play They said they hadn't been to China.
Play  "Have you worked here before?" I asked.	Play I asked her whether she'd worked there before.
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Play  "I've been studying English for two years,"he said.	Play He said he'd been studying English for two years.
Play " Steve said, "we've been dating for over a year now."	Play Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
Play  "Have you been waiting long?" they asked.	Play They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple	Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
Play  "I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.	Play He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
Play " She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident."	Play She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident.

REFUERZO GRADO 1001

Como en español, la voz pasiva se forma con el verbo 'to be' (ser) y el participio pasado.

They made this car in 1963. (active)  This car was made in 1963. (passive)

 El sujeto de un verbo en pasiva corresponde al objeto de un verbo en activa.

	Spanish	is spoken in Argentina	PASIVA
	(sujeto)
Argentinians speak	Spanish	ACTIVA
	(objeto)

Estudia la siguiente lista de las formas del verbo en pasiva.
(pp = participio pasado)

Verb Tense	Structure	Example
PRESENT SIMPLE	am/are/is + pp	Spanish is spoken here.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	am/are/is being + pp	Your questions are being answered.
FUTURE (WILL)	will be + pp	It’ll be painted by next week.
FUTURE (GOING TO)	am/are/is going to be + pp	Terry is going to be made redundant next year.
PAST SIMPLE	was/were + pp	We were invited to the party, but we didn’t go.
PAST CONTINUOUS	was/were being + pp	The hotel room was being cleaned when we got back from shopping.
PRESENT PERFECT	have/has been + pp	The President of America has been shot.
PAST PERFECT	had been + pp	When he got home he found that all of his money had been stolen.
FUTURE PERFECT	will have been + pp	Our baby will have been born before Christmas.

 En las formas del ‘future progressive’ (will be being + pp) y ‘perfect progressive’ (has been being + pp) no es muy común su uso.

 Para decir quién hacía la acción o qué la causaba, usa 'by'.

This house was built by my mother. / Esta casa fue construida por mi madre.
Washington was bombed by Pakistan. / Washington fue bombardeado por Pakistán.

 La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando se desconoce o no interesa mencionar quién o qué hace la acción.
Es más normal encontrar en español formas con ‘se’, por ejemplo: ‘se habla’, ‘se alquila’ o verbos en plural como ‘venden’, ‘compran’.

German is spoken here / Aquí se habla alemán
When was this house built? / ¿Cuando se construyó ( fue construida) ésta casa? 
A lot of songs have been written about love / Se han escrito muchas canciones sobre el amor

REFUERZO GRADO 902 AND 903

Los verbos modales (modal auxiliary verbs) son:

can, could may, might will, would shall, should must ought to

poder, saber poder querer deber deber deber

 A veces, 'need' (tener que) y 'dare' (atreverse), también tienen las mismas características gramaticales de los verbos modales.

• No añaden la 's' en la tercera persona del singular del presente.

- She must know his telephone number. – Ella debe saber su número de teléfono.
        X She musts know.... X

• Forman la interrogación, la negación, las respuestas cortas y las llamadas 'preguntas coletilla' (tag questions), sin utilizar el auxiliary 'do'.

- Can you speak Spanish? - ¿Puedes hablar español?

        X Do you can….. X

• Forman la negación añadiendo not.

- I cannot go on Friday. – No puedo ir el viernes.

• Admiten contracciones.

     cannot = can’t
     could not = couldn’t
     might not = mightn’t
     will not = won’t
     would not = wouldn’t
     shall not = shan’t (inglés británico)
     should not = shouldn’t
     must not = mustn’t
     ought not to = oughtn’t to

• Los verbos modales no tienen el infinitivo, por lo que no pueden estar precedidos de ‘to’.

     X to can X      X to might X

• Van seguidos de infinitivo sin 'to', con exepción de 'ought'

- I must buy some milk – Debo comprar leche.

     X I must to buy…. X

- We can leave at seven. – Podemos marcharnos a las siete.

     X We can to leave…. X

• Los verbos modales no tienen el participio pasado ni el participio presente. Sólo tienen una o dos formas y carecen de la mayoría de los tiempos.

     X musting X      X musted X

REFUERZO GRADO 803

Remember It

 

How much ....? = uncountable nouns
For example: How much coffee do you drink?
How many ....? = countable nouns
For example: How many cups of coffee do you drink?

How much? How many?

	Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
In questions:	We use how many with plural countable nouns:-	We use how much withuncountable nouns:-
	"How many newspapersdo you read every day?"	"How much paper is in the printer?"
	"How many Euros have you got?"	"How much moneyhave you got?"

Revise It - How much and How many Lesson 36

Learn It

Some, Any

Countable		Uncountable
There aresome	people. cups. books. newspapers. chairs. shoes. Euros.	There issome	money. traffic. paper. time. coffee. food.

	Countable	Uncountable
Statements:	We can use some in positive sentences with plural countablenouns:-	We can use some in positive sentences withuncountable nouns:-
Positive:	I read some books.	I would like some coffee.

Countable		Uncountable
There aren'tany	people. cups. books. newspapers. chairs. shoes. Euros.	There isn'tany	money. traffic. paper. time. coffee. food.

Statement:	We can use any in negative sentences with plural countable nouns:-	We can use any in negative sentences withuncountable nouns:-
Negative:	I don't read any books.	I don't want any coffee.

Countable		Uncountable
Are(n't) thereany	people? cups? books? newspapers? chairs? shoes? Euros?	Is(n't) thereany	money? traffic? paper? time? coffee? food?

Questions:	We can use any in questions with pluralcountable nouns:-	We can use any in questions with pluraluncountable nouns:-
Positive Q:	Are there any books?	Do you need anycoffee?
Negative Q:	Aren't there anybooks?	Don't you need anycoffee?

!Note! When you expect the answer to be "Yes." to an offer or polite request, you can ask a question using some.
	Countable	Uncountable
Question:	Can I have some books, please?	Would you like somecoffee?

A few, A little

There are a few

people cups books newspapers chairs shoes Euros

There is a little

money traffic paper time coffee food

	Countable	Uncountable
Statements:
Positive:	"I meet a few peopleevery day."	"There is a little paperin the printer."
	"I only have a few Euros."	"I only have a little money."

Many, Much

There aren'tmany

people cups books newspapers chairs shoes

There isn'tmuch

money traffic paper time coffee food

	Countable	Uncountable
Statements:
Negative:	I don't read manybooks.	I don't drink muchcoffee.
Questions:
Positive Q:	Are there many books?	Do you need muchcoffee?
Negative Q:	Aren't there manybooks?	Don't you need muchcoffee?